Aphasia Neuroplasticity Review

Benjamin et al. (2014)

Reference

AuthorsBenjamin ML, Towler S, Garcia A, Park H, Sudhyadhom A, Harnish SM, McGregor KM, Zlatar Z, Reilly JJ, Rosenbek JC, Gonzalez LJ, Crosson B
TitleA behavioral manipulation engages right frontal cortex during aphasia therapy
ReferenceNeurorehabil Neural Repair 2014; 28: 545-553
PMID24407914
DOI10.1177/1545968313517754

Participants

LanguageUS English
Inclusion criteria"at least minimal evidence of non-fluent output"; lesion including precentral gyrus or underlying white matter
Number of individuals with aphasia14
Number of control participants0
Were any of the participants included in any previous studies?No
Is age reported for patients and controls, and matched?Yes (intention group: mean 72.1 ± 10.5 years; control group: mean 63.0 ± 9.2 years)
Is sex reported for patients and controls, and matched?Yes (males: 8; females: 6)
Is handedness reported for patients and controls, and matched?Yes (right: 14; left: 0)
Is time post stroke onset reported and appropriate to the study design?Yes (intention group: mean 37.4 ± 33.5 months, range 12-87 months; control group: 38.1 ± 37.4 months, range 10-112 months)
To what extent is the nature of aphasia characterized?Severity and type
Language evaluationWAB, BNT, PPVT
Aphasia severityIntention group: AQ mean 65.5 ± 8.3; control group: AQ mean 71.9 ± 11.9
Aphasia typeIntention group: 4 conduction, 2 Broca's, 1 anomic; control group: 4 anomic, 1 Broca's, 1 conduction, 1 transcortical motor
First stroke only?No
Stroke typeMixed etiologies
To what extent is the lesion distribution characterized?Lesion overlay
Lesion extentNot stated
Lesion locationL MCA, extending frontally at least into the precentral gyrus or underlying white matter
Participants notes

Imaging

ModalityfMRI
Is the study cross-sectional or longitudinal?Longitudinal—chronic treatment
If longitudinal, at what time point(s) were imaging data acquired?T1: pre-treatment/chronic; T2: post-treatment; T3: 3 months after the end of treatment
If longitudinal, was there any intervention between the time points?Word finding therapy for both groups, but the intention group had to produce complex left hand movements, while the control group did not; note that groups were not directly compared in any imaging analyses
Is the scanner described?Yes (Philips Achieva 3 Tesla)
Is the timing of stimulus presentation and image acquisition clearly described and appropriate?No (total images acquired not stated)
Design typeEvent-related
Total images acquirednot stated
Are the imaging acquisition parameters, including coverage, adequately described and appropriate?Yes (whole brain)
Is preprocessing and intrasubject coregistration adequately described and appropriate?No (not described)
Is first level model fitting adequately described and appropriate?No (not described clearly)
Is intersubject normalization adequately described and appropriate?No (lesion impact not addressed)
Imaging notes

Conditions

Are the conditions clearly described?Yes
ConditionResponse typeRepetitionsAll groups could do?All individuals could do?
word generationWord (overt)60UnknownUnknown
restNoneimplicit baselineN/AN/A
Conditions notes

Contrasts

Are the contrasts clearly described?Yes

Contrast 1: word generation vs rest

Language conditionWord generation
Control conditionRest
Are the conditions matched for visual demands?No
Are the conditions matched for auditory demands?No
Are the conditions matched for motor demands?No
Are the conditions matched for cognitive/executive demands?No
Is accuracy matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups?N/A, tasks not comparable
Is reaction time matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups?N/A, tasks not comparable
Behavioral data notes
Are control data reported in this paper or another that is referenced?No
Does the contrast selectively activate plausible relevant language regions in the control group?Unknown
Are activations lateralized in the control data?Unknown
Control activation notes
Contrast notesContrast not described explicitly but there is only one possible contrast

Analyses

Are the analyses clearly described?Yes

ROI analysis 1

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal change in aphasia
Group(s)Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
Covariate
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
Findings↓ LI (frontal)
Findings notesLaterality shift for lateral frontal LI, not medial frontal LI

ROI analysis 2

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal change in aphasia
Group(s)Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 6) T3 vs T1
Covariate
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
Findings↓ LI (frontal)
Findings notesLaterality shift for both lateral and medial frontal LIs

ROI analysis 3

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal change in aphasia
Group(s)Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
Covariate
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
FindingsNone
Findings notes

ROI analysis 4

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal change in aphasia
Group(s)Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T3 vs T1
Covariate
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
FindingsNone
Findings notes

ROI analysis 5

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal correlation with language or other measure
Group(s)Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
CovariateΔ category-member generation probe performance
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
Findings↓ LI (temporal)
Findings notes

ROI analysis 6

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal correlation with language or other measure
Group(s)Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
CovariateΔ category-member generation probe performance
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
FindingsNone
Findings notes

ROI analysis 7

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal correlation with language or other measure
Group(s)Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
CovariateΔ picture naming probe performance
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
FindingsNone
Findings notes

ROI analysis 8

First level contrastWord generation vs rest
Analysis classLongitudinal correlation with language or other measure
Group(s)Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1
CovariateΔ picture naming probe performance
Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved?Yes
Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast?Unknown, not reported
Behavioral data notes
Type of analysisRegions of interest (ROI)
ROI typeLaterality indi(ces)
How many ROIs are there?3
What are the ROI(s)?(1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI
How are the ROI(s) defined?
Correction for multiple comparisonsNo correction
Statistical details
FindingsNone
Findings notes

Notes

Excluded analysesSPM analysis in Figure 3, because the authors do not attempt to interpret it